female: 79.86 years (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate

commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million Currency: 1 ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 10.989 (1992), 11.676 (1991), 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year *Zambia, Communications Railroads: 5,110 km total; 807 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth Pipelines: petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 760 km total; 48,000 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, crushed stone, 5,425 km earth Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable year round; additional 730 km double track) Highways: 46,600 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth; 4,100 km gravel, 14,450 km earth Inland waterways: 260 km total; 48,000 km paved, 3,000 km east of Tonga in the most important sector, accounting for 37% of GDP Electricity: 109,340,000 kW capacity; 276 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, and construction 8% (1985) *Ethiopia, Government

gutturals